- Unlike the console map display, which is using almost up-to-date Google maps (typically road changes are updated within days), Tesla appears to be using a mechanism similar to the other car onboard navigation systems. Periodically (roughly annually) Tesla pushes out map updates, which replaces the entire map database.
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Trisha Peel, MD, MBBS
- Infectious Diseases Physician
- Alfred Hospital and Monash University
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- Section Editor — Bacterial Infections
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- Monash University
Elinor L Baron, MD, DTMH
- Deputy Editor — Infectious Diseases
- Associate Clinical Professor of Medicine, Tufts University School of Medicine
INTRODUCTION Online notepad plus editor.
Vertebral osteomyelitis most often occurs as a result of hematogenous seeding of one or more vertebral bodies from a distant focus [1]. Infection may also involve the adjacent intervertebral disc space, which has no direct blood supply in adults. Infection can also arise following surgery or injection of the disc space or via contiguous spread from adjacent soft tissue infection.
Vertebral osteomyelitis and discitis may occur together or independently. The diagnosis and management of these two entities are similar in most patients. The term pyogenic spondylitis refers to either vertebral osteomyelitis or discitis.
Ubuntu image for usb. Issues related to vertebral osteomyelitis will be reviewed here. Issues related to other forms of hematogenous osteomyelitis in adults are discussed separately. (See 'Nonvertebral osteomyelitis in adults: Clinical manifestations and diagnosis', section on 'Hematogenous osteomyelitis'.)
Issues related to spinal epidural abscess and tuberculous spinal infections are discussed separately. (See 'Spinal epidural abscess' and 'Bone and joint tuberculosis'.)
EPIDEMIOLOGY
Vertebral osteomyelitis is primarily a disease of adults; most cases occur in patients >50 years old [2]. The incidence increases with age. Men are affected approximately twice as often as women in most case series; the reason for this is not fully understood. Risk factors for vertebral osteomyelitis include injection drug use, infective endocarditis, degenerative spine disease, prior spinal surgery, diabetes mellitus, corticosteroid therapy, or other immunocompromised state. (See 'Pathogenesis' below.)
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